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Introduction to Information Technology
Chapter 6
Communications, Networks, & Cyberthreats
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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Chapter Topics
2
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft
Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Digital convergence is the gradual merger of computing and communications into a new information environment, in which the same information is exchanged among many kinds of equipment, using the language of computers.
At the same time, there has been a convergence of several important industries—computers, telecommunications, consumer electronics, entertainment, mass media— producing new electronic products that perform multiple functions.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Digital
Computers use digital signals—0s and 1s, off and on.
All the data that a computer processes is a series of
0s and 1s.
Each signal is a bit.
Analog
But most phenomena in life are analog.
Analog signals use wave variations, continuously changing.
Sound, light, and temperature are analog forms.
Traditional TV and radio use analog signals.
Humans’ vision operates in analog mode.
But analog data can be converted into digital form. Even though digital data is not as exact as analog data, it is easier to manipulate.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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For data transmission over telephone lines and cables, modems are needed to convert analog data into digital data that computers can use.
Modem is short for modulate/demodulate. Modems modulate (convert) a computer’s digital data to analog data, transmit it, then demodulate (reconvert) it back to digital data for the receiving computer.
Modems can convert data by modulating either a analog wave’s amplitude or its frequency.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Chapter Topics
8
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft
Introduction to Information Technology
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6.2 Networks
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Network: system of interconnected computers, telephones, and/or other communications devices that can communicate with one another and share applications and data.
Benefits of Networks
Share peripheral devices, such as printers, scanners, disk drives
Share software
Share data and information
Better communications
Accessing databases
Centralized communications
Security of information, because of improved backup systems
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Types of networks: WANs, MANs, & Others
Wide area network (WAN): Communications network that covers a wide geographic area, such as a country or the world. Most long-distance and regional telephone companies are WANs. WANs are used to connect local area networks. The best example of a WAN is the Internet.
Metropolitan area network (MAN): Communications network covering a city or a suburb. Many cellphone systems are MANs.
Local area network (LAN): Connects computers and devices in a limited geographic area, such as one office, one building, or a group of buildings close together. LANs are the basis for most office networks, and the organization that runs the LAN owns it. WANs and MANs generally use a common carrier—a telecommunications company that hires itself out to the public to provide communications transmission services—for at least part of its connections. (A home area network is a LAN.)
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(continued)
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UPDATE
Introduction to Information Technology
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Network Architecture: How Networks Are Structured
1. Client/Server
Consists of clients, which are computers that request data, and servers, which are computers that supply data.
File servers act like a network-based shared disk drive.
Database servers store data but don’t store programs.
Print servers connect one or more printers and schedule and control print jobs.
Mail servers manage email.
2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
All computers on the network are “equal” and communicate directly with one another, without relying on servers.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Intranets, Extranets, & VPNs: Use the Internet as their base
Intranets—use infrastructure and standards of the Internet and the web, but for an organization’s internal use only.
Extranets—similar to intranets but allows use by selected outside entities, such as suppliers.
VPNs (virtual private networks): use a public network (usually the Internet) plus intranets and extranets to connect an organization’s various sites) but on a private basis, via encryption and authentication; regular Internet users do not have access to the VPN’s data and information.
All use firewalls for security, a system of hardware and/or software that protects the system from intruders.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Network Components — all networks have several things in common:
wired = twisted-pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable
wireless = infrared, microwave, radio, Wi-Fi, satellite
Hosts and Nodes: Client/server network has a host computer, which controls the network; a node is any device attached to the network.
Packets—fixed-length blocks of data for transmission, reassembled after transmission.
Protocols—set of conventions, or rules, governing the exchange of data between hardware and/or software components in the network; built into the hardware or software you are using. (continued)
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Each packet, or electronic message, carries four types of information that will help it get to its destination;
the sender’s address (IP)
the intended receiver’s address
how many packets the complete message has been broken into
the number of this particular packet. The packets carry the data in the protocols that the Internet uses—that is, TCP/IP
Introduction to Information Technology
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Network topology: The layout (shape) of a network
Star – all nodes are connected through a central network switch
Ring – all nodes are connected in a continuous loop
Bus – all nodes are connected to a single wire or cable
Tree – a bus network of star networks
Mesh – messages sent to the destination can take any possible shortest, easiest route to reach its destination. There must be at least two paths to any individual computer to create a mesh network. (Wireless networks are often implemented as a mesh, and the Internet is a mesh.)
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Star Network
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Ring Network
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Bus Network
Introduction to Information Technology
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Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Ethernet
Ethernet is a LAN technology that can be used with almost any kind of computer and that describes how data can be sent between computers and other networked devices usually in close proximity.
Commonly used in star topologies.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Chapter Topics
26
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft
Introduction to Information Technology
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6.3 Wired Communications Media
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Communications media are the means of interchanging or transmitting and receiving information.
A. Twisted-Pair Wire (dial-up connections)
2 strands of insulated copper wire twisted around each other
Twisting reduces interference (crosstalk) from electrical signals
Data rates are 1 – 128 megabits per second (slow)
B. Coaxial Cable
Insulated copper wire wrapped in a metal shield and then in an external plastic cover
Used for cable TV and cable Internet electric signals
Carries voice and data up to 200 megabits per second
C. Fiber-optic cable
Dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic that transmit pulses of light, not electricity
Can transmit up to 2 gigabits per second (very fast)
Have lower error rate than twisted-pair or coax
More expensive than twisted-pair or coax
Lighter and more durable than twisted-pair or coax
More difficult to tap into than twisted-pair or coax
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Chapter Topics
29
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft
Introduction to Information Technology
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6.4 Wireless Communications Media
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Electromagnetic spectrum of radiation is the basis of all telecommunications signals, wired and wireless.
Radio-frequency (RF) spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum
that carries most communications signals.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Bandwidth: range (band) of frequencies that a transmission medium can carry in a given period of time
Analog bandwidth is expressed in hertz, digital bandwidth usually in bits per second (bps)
Narrowband (voiceband): used for regular telephone communications
Transmission rate 1.5 megabits per second or less
Broadband: For high-speed data and high-quality audio and video; wide band of frequencies
Transmission rate 1.5 megabits per second to 1 gigabit per second or more
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Introduction to Information Technology
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TC/IP (Ch. 2) is the protocol for getting wired devices connected to the Internet
WAP (wireless application protocol): Wireless handheld devices such as cellphones use the Wireless Application Protocol for connecting wireless users to the Web. Just as the protocol TCP/IP was designed to provide a wired connection to your Internet access provider, WAP is a standard designed to link nearly all mobile devices telecommunications carriers’ wireless networks and content providers.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Infrared Transmission
Sends signals using infrared light (TV remotes)
Frequencies are too low to see (1-16 megabits per second)
Broadcast Radio
AM/FM, CB, cellphones, police radio
Sends data over long distances using a transmitter and a receiver (up to 2 megabits per second)
Cellular Radio
Form of broadcast radio
Widely used in cellphones and wireless modems
Transmits voice and digital messages
Microwave Radio
Superhigh-frequency radio transmit voice and data at 45 megabits per second
Requires line-of-sight transmitters and receivers
More than ½ of today’s telephones systems use microwave
Communications Satellites
Microwave relay stations in orbit around the earth
Basis for Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Cover broad service area
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Five Types of Wireless Communications Media
Introduction to Information Technology
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Communications Satellites (continued)
Can be placed at different heights: GEO, MEO, LEO
GEO – geostationary earth orbit
22,300 miles above earth; travel at the same speed as the earth and so appear to us to be stationary
Always above equator
Transmission delay (latency) can make conversations difficult; not good for applications requiring real-time user input
MEO – medium-earth orbit
5,000 – 10,000 miles up
LEO – low-earth orbit
200 – 1,000 miles up
Has no signal delay
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Long-Distance Wireless: One-Way Communication
GPS (Global Positioning System)
24 to 32 MEO satellites continuously transmitting timed radio signals to identify Earth locations
Each satellite circles earth twice each day at 11,000 miles up
GPS receivers pick up transmissions from up to 4 satellites and pinpoint the receiver’s location
Accurate within 3 – 50 feet, with a norm of 10 feet accuracy
Not all services based on GPS technology are reliable
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Long-Distance Wireless: One-Way Communication (continued)
One-way Pagers: radio receivers that receive data sent from a special radio transmitter
Radio transmitter sends out signals over the special frequency; pagers are tuned to that frequency
When a particular pager hears its own code, it receives and displays the message
Often used in hospitals and areas where smartphones are not allowed
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Long-Distance Wireless: Two-Way Communication
1G: First-Generation Cellular Service
Analog cellphones
Designed for voice communication using a system of hexagonal ground-area cells around transmitter-receiver cell towers
Good for voice – less effective for data because of handing off
2G: Second-Generation Cellular Service
Uses digital signals
First digital voice cellular network
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Long-Distance Wireless: Two-Way Communication (continued)
3G: Third-Generation Cellular Service
Broadband technology
Carries data at high speeds: 144 kilobits per second up to 3.1 megabits per second
Accepts e-mail with attachments
Displays color video and still pictures
Plays music
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Long-Distance Wireless: Two-Way Communication (continued)
4G: Fourth-Generation Cellular Service
A nationwide 4G network is in development; up to 100 megabits/second
Enables faster Internet surfing
Includes LTE (Long Term Evolution), an international standard widely adopted in the United States and several countries in Europe and Asia. LTE supports data transfer rates of up to 100 megabits per second over cellular networks.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Cellphone Connections
Short-Range Wireless: Two-Way Communication
Local Area Networks
Range 100 – 228 feet
Include Wi-Fi (802.11) type networks
Wi-Fi n is the latest and fastest Wi-Fi technology
Personal Area Networks
Range 30 – 33 feet
Use Bluetooth, ultra wideband, and wireless USB
Home Automation networks
Range 100 – 150 feet
Use Insteon, ZigBee, and Z-Wave standards
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44
Wi-Fi setup in a restaurant
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Introduction to Information Technology
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General Wi-Fi Network
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats: Trolls, Spies, & Hackers & Thieves
The ongoing dilemma of the Digital Age is balancing convenience against security.
Security consists of safeguards for protecting information technology against unauthorized access, system failures, and disasters that can result in damage or loss.
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Introduction to Information Technology
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Chapter Topics
47
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft
Introduction to Information Technology
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6.5 Cyberintruders
Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
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Trolls aren’t necessarily destructive, but they can be disruptive on online comment boards.
A troll is a person who posts intentionally offensive, incendiary, or off-topic comments online, to upset people.
Many companies have extensive data-collection efforts that constantly track (spy on) our personal activities.
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Malicious hackers break into computers for malicious purposes.
Script kiddies are technically unsophisticated teenagers who use downloadable software for perform break-ins.
Hacktivists are hacker activists who break into systems for a political or a socially motivated purpose.
Black-hat hackers break into computers to steal or destroy information or to use it for illegal profit.
Cyberterrorists attack computer systems so as to bring physical, political or financial harm to groups, companies, or nations.
Benign hackers (thrill-seeker hackers) illegally access computer systems simply for the challenge of it, not to damage or steal anything; their reward is the achievement of breaking in.
Benevolent hackers (ethical hackers or white-hat hackers) are usually computer professionals who break into computer systems and networks with the knowledge of their owners to expose security flaws that can then be fixed.
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Thieves may be a company’s employees or suppliers or professionals.
Employees
Outside partners & suppliers
Hardware thieves
Con artists, scammers, & counterfeiters
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Chapter Topics
52
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft
Introduction to Information Technology
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6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
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Networks and computer systems are susceptible to attacks by all kinds of malware.
Some common cyberthreats are denial-of-service attacks; viruses; worms; Trojan horses; rootkits and backdoors; blended threats; zombies; ransomware; and time, logic, and email bombs.
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Cyberthreats:
Denial of Service Attack
Consists of making repeated requests of a computer or network device, thereby overloading it and denying access to legitimate users.
Used to target particular companies or individuals.
Virus
Deviant program that hides in a file or a program on a disk, flash memory drive, in an e-mail, or in a web link and that causes unexpected effects such as destroying or corrupting data.
Usually attached to an executable file that you must run or open (to activate the virus).
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Cyberthreats (continued)
Worms
A program that copies itself repeatedly into a computer’s memory or disk drive.
May copy itself so much it crashes the infected computer.
Trojan Horses
Programs that pretend to be a useful program such as a free game or a screensaver but that carry viruses or malicious instructions that damage your computer or install a backdoor or spyware.
Backdoors and spyware allow others to access your computer without your knowledge.
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Cyberthreats (continued)
Cellphone Malware
Spread via Internet downloads, MMS attachments, and Bluetooth transfers
Usually show up disguised as applications such as games, security patches, add-on functionalities, erotica, and free programs
Protect your phone:
Turn off Bluetooth discoverable mode
Check security updates to learn about filenames to watch out for
Install security software
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Cyberthreats (continued)
How they spread
Via e-mail attachments
By infected disks and flash drives
By clicking on infiltrated websites
By downloading infected files from websites
Through infiltrated Wi-Fi hotspots
From one infected PC on a LAN to another
What can you do about it?
Install antivirus and firewall software
Subscribe to the manufacturer’s automatic antivirus
update service
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Online Safety
Use antivirus software, and keep it current
Install a firewall to monitor network traffic and filter out undesirable types of traffic and undesirable sites
Don’t use the same password for multiple sites
Don’t give out any password information
Use robust passwords:
Minimum 8 characters with letters, numbers, characters
4cats is not a good password; f0UrK@tTz is safer
Use biometric identification
Use encryption
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Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Online Safety (continued)
Install antispyware software
Encrypt financial and personal records so only you can read them
Back up your data, so if your PC is attacked and must be reformatted, you can restore your data
Never download from a website you don’t trust
Consider biometric authentication
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Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Online Safety (continued)
Encryption
Process of altering readable data into unreadable form to prevent unauthorized access
Uses powerful mathematical ciphers to create coded messages that are difficult to break
Unencrypted messages are known as plain text
Encrypted text is known as cybertext
You use an encryption key to encrypt and decrypt codded messages
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Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft
Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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The proliferation of networks and databases have put privacy under great pressure.
Privacy is the right of people not to reveal information about themselves.
Some threats to privacy:
Name migration
Résumé rustling & online snooping
Government prying & spying
Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Identity (ID) theft, or theft of identity (TOI), is a crime in which thieves hijack your name and identity and use your information and credit rating to get cash or buy things.
Wallet or purse theft
Mail theft
Mining the trash
Telephone solicitation
Insider access to database
Outsider access to database
Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
If ID theft happens, contact:
Credit card companies
Your bank
Department of Automotive Vehicles
Utility companies
Phone companies
Local police
Federal Trade Commission
Other organizations you belong to
Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
